WHITE SPOTTING PATTERNS:

Click one of these to explore a specific pattern:
Appaloosa Complex | Tobiano | The Overo Group
OR read on down the page

HOW IT WORKS: Pinto genes block the base color from expressing itself, leaving the hair white. Imagine a batik, in which certain areas of the cloth have a wax covering that prevents it from taking on color when dipped into a vat of dye. In the same way the pinto gene blocks a horse's normal base color from showing in certain areas, creating a spotted or mottled pattern. Here's an excellent reference website: Coat Colors: The Genetics Behind the Hide Paint/Pinto genetics

Paint/Pinto patterns were present among the original Spanish horses brought to America. Click HERE for Dr. Philip Sponenberg's article about the Spanish Colonial Horses in America. The Paint/Pinto patterns were very popular among Native American horsemen. Certain patterns, particularly "Medicine hat" Toveros, were considered to have special powers. Others were simply valued for their good looks. "Indian Ponies" are attractive to modern romanticists, and today the loudly patterned horses are much in demand. But for many years, racism against the Indians trickled down into the horse world in the form of a prejudice against paints/ pintos that still exists today, although the American Paint Horse Association and others have done a lot of good work to overcome this. Paint is a Breed Registry. Pinto describes the coloration and is the correct term for Mustangs (although many people prefer the term "paint" -  and "Pinto" can also refer to a registered Pinto, which is essentially a spotted Arabian) OTHER PAINT/PINTO TERMS: Piebald: black and white Skewbald: Any other color than black, with white  These two terms are outdated and rarely used any more.

(Pendleton Blanket)

Why Most Mustangs Are Not Pintos:

This picture composite of Root Beer & Sparky may illustrate why Paints/Pintos are rare among wild horses, even though they are common among domestics. (Sparky likes to hide behind bushes and pretend we can't see him - a mountain lion would not be fooled!)

Unfortunately for would-be Mustang adopters, pintos are among the rarest colors in Mustangs, comprising less than 5% of the overall population (and zero percent in many herds)and yet are one of the most sought-after color patterns. Some of the best ptino-producing herds are the Southeastern Oregon, Northeast California, Northern Nevada, and Wyoming herds areas. South Steens (Oregon), High Rock (California-managed), Calico Mountains, Granite Range, Little Owyhee (Nevada), and McCollough Peaks (Wyoming) are known for their wildly spotteed horses (as well as other colors, of course)

There are TWO major types of Paint/Pinto: Overo and Tobiano.

1. OVERO

Sapphire, a Frame Overo Mustang re-possessed by the BLM for severe abuse is shown here being rehabilitated by Ginny Freeman of Orland, CA. She was then adopted by Jan Tofting of Guerneville.

The "Overo" category includes at least three distinct color genes: Frame Overo, Sabino, & Splash, and the term is used to describe any pattern that is not clearly Tobiano

Each of these patterns has its own gene. However, any individual horse may carry and exhibit traits from more than one of these genes. The patterns created by these genes can look much alike. For these reasons, they are often lumped together under the heading of "Overo." With OVero, the white is usually confined to the sides and underside of the horse. White does not cross the topline, except above the withers. (Exceptions: Medicine Hat Tovero or Maximum White Sabinos or Toveros)

Frame	Sabino	Splash
Frame  Overo mare

2. TOBIANO



For more about Tobiano, click here

• White extends over the topline on the back and/or rump
• Tail is tipped in the base color (black or red)
• White patches are large, soft, rounded blobs

3. Other Pinto Types:

Wild-looking Pinto from BLM adoption at Roseville, CA

There are also variations and less common sub-types, including TOVERO and MEDICINE HAT. Most of these sub-types are extreme expressions of overo, or a mixture of tobiano and overo.

MAXIMUM SABINO & TOVERO

A PURE WHITE horse, with normal (not purely pink) skin coloring can be a MAXIMUM TOVERO. Such a horse may have no dark areas, or only a few very tiny ones, that may go undetected, because the white mask is so extensive.

This apparently pure white mustang at a BLM adoption in Madera, CA, was labeled "pinto" - an example of a maximum tovero?

Genetics of White Patterns:

All patterns of white are block the horse's normal color, just as white paint can cover up a brown or black base, or a stencil or wax covering can prevent paint from sticking to a cloth or paper.

INDEPENDENCE:
Genes that control the colored parts of the horse and the genes that create the white patterns are not related and act independently of each other.

A horse can have a red or black base. This base can be modified by ay of the other color genes, such as Roan or Champagne or Creme. This can also have an overlay of Tobiano or Overo or Sabino or whatever.